Andrew Gudgel, a former Army Warrant Officer, is currently a freelance writer. It was a psychological warfare method which could involve the group based and systematic gaslighting of targets, among other things. While directed-energy technology is not the panacea for all situations that its most ardent advocates claim, it can give the U.S. military flexibility in tailoring its responses (e.g., lethal or nonlethal) to different types of targets (humans or machines). from PrayingMedic: Q NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 2022 VIDEO: It stated that it did have, however, an 'ultra-loud public address system which [] could be "used for verbal communication over two miles, or put out a sustained or modulated sound blanket to make conversation, and thus crowd organisation, impossible. For continuous wave systems, which use high average power to effect targets, levels are typically from 50 to 100s of kilowatts up to several megawatts of power. The deuterium fluoride chemical laser fires, hitting the rocket or shell and causing it to explode far short of its intended target. A prototype ADS system mounted on a Humvee went into testing in August 2005. This information is then transferred to an optical tracking system, which refines the target tracking and positions the beam director. The air-launched uses scramjets or rockets to power it throughout flight. These lasers, combined with significant improvements in computational power, represent dramatic advances in technology over those used in the Airborne Laser program. In most cases, the target system must be shut off and restarted, and may require minor repairs before it can operate normally again. The Air Force also recently demonstrated the ability of an HPM weapon to bring down multiple drones in testing at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, according to a recent Military.com article: After decades of research and investment, we believe these advanced directed-energy applications will soon be ready for the battlefield to help protect people, assets and infrastructure. Thomas Bussing, Raytheon Advanced Missile Systems vice president, said in a news release accompanying the announcement. In addition, a laser shot (including the cost of producing the energy) is much cheaper than a shot from a chemical-powered weapon system. [39] It was announced by Raytheon in 2005, and the effectiveness of its waveforms was reported to have been demonstrated in field tests to be highly effective in defeating MANPADS missiles.[40]. It turned out that during its three-year deployment, from 201114, it was used nearly around the clock in its ISR mode. [24] Would the permanent blinding of a soldier struck by a ZM-87's laser beam be considered intentional or accidental? This causes the beam to lose focus, dissipating its power. This article will examine answers to these questions. However, no military has yet openly deployed HPM weapons. The skin of the missile heats up, melts, and deforms, and the target breaks up in midair. This damage may create permanent effects depending upon the severity of the attack and the ability of the enemy to diagnose, replace, or repair the affected systems. The United States has come a very long way in the development of directed energy weapon capabilities and is now at a critical juncture. However, directed-energy weapons (DEWs) are a reality, and several have already been tested under battlefield conditions. (Washington D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2018). 1, Air War College Center for Strategy and Technology, May 2000. '[67] The British Ministry of Defence denied the existence of such a device. Energy that would otherwise be focused on the target spreads out and the beam becomes less effective: Plasma weapons fire a beam, bolt, or stream of plasma, which is an excited state of matter consisting of atomic electrons & nuclei and free electrons if ionized, or other particles if pinched. Laser energy can be generated as a continuous wave or in pulses, which also influences its lethality. One of the most promising laser devices is the free-electron laser. The scanning array projects microwaves that disrupt the surface-to-air missile's guidance system, deflecting it from the aircraft. [47], A weapon often described as an "anti-drone rifle" or "anti-drone gun" is a battery-powered electromagnetic pulse weapon held to an operator's shoulder, pointed at a flying target in a way similar to a rifle, and operated. Laser dazzlers-devices that use laser light to temporarily blind sensors, optics, and personnel- are already available for law enforcement and military use. They seemed to have arisen from the testing of the television transmitter in Feldberg, Germany. One problem that affects laser beam strength is a phenomenon known as "blooming," which occurs when the laser beam heats the atmosphere through which it is passing, turning the air into plasma. Depending on the type of laser, this means that the weapon can have an almost "endless magazine" of laser bursts. The DOD Office of Force Transformation (OFT), in conjunction with the Air Force Research Laboratory, is developing the Tactical Relay Mirror System (TRMS), which would use a mirror system mounted on an aerostat or UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) to redirect the beams from laser weapons such as the ATL and ABL. For example, when deployed, the anti-ballistic missile Airborne Laser will cost approximately $1,000 per shot. Depending on the particulars of the weapon, and how it is used, ERP levels can reach into the hundreds of gigawatts or higher. Examples include damaging individual components, circuit cards, or the mother boards in a desktop computer. The laser is being built and will be tested in mid-2006. Future research will seek to increase the power and decrease the size of DEW systems. These systems of missile defense are expected to come online no sooner than the mid to late-2020s. The sensation increases in intensity until the affected individual moves out of the beam or it is shut off. [61][62], Stories in the 1930s and World War Two gave rise to the idea of an "engine-stopping ray". The countries abandoned particle-beam weapon research as impracticable. [79][80] At the time, the Soviet Union was concerned that the shuttle was being used as a reconnaissance platform. 16 R. Jeffrey Smith, Hypersonic Missiles Are Unstoppable and Theyre Starting a New Global Arms Race, New York Times Magazine, June 19, 2019. ), is an Executive Vice President and Directed Energy Lead at Booz Allen Hamilton and the former Director of the Missile Defense Agency. [71] The negative effects of the radiation poisoning and cancer would extend past the period of incarceration. Design specifications are already being determined. A DE weapon is a system using DE primarily as a direct means to [13], A related project is the Advanced Tactical Laser (ATL) system, which uses a less powerful version of the ABL's COIL laser, instead of missiles, to attack ground targets. Building a Stryker with a 50kW laser is a follow-on to the 5kW laser the Army tested on the vehicle just a year ago in Germany at the Joint Warfighting Assessment and related efforts. Both the Allies and the Axis powers conducted basic research and studies into primitive directed-energy weapons before World War II. Lung tissue was affected at only the closest ranges as atmospheric air is highly compressible and only the blood rich alveoli resist compression. For instance, the Active Denial System was not ready for deployment when the United States invaded Iraq, in part because the money was not there. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Directed-energy_weapon&oldid=1140806805. The Beacon Illuminator Laser system, which measures and corrects for atmospheric distortion, has also been shipped to Boeing for testing. In the 1951 science fiction film, The Day the Earth Stood Still, powerful ray guns are shown vaporizing rifles and even tanks. A DE weapon is a system using DE primarily as a direct means to disable, damage or destroy adversary equipment, facilities, and personnel. Consider that today the United States will launch kinetic interceptors at an incoming threat warhead that cost tens of millions of dollars and multiple interceptors are fired for maximum probability of success. the 14,000 artillery and rocket launchers arrayed within striking distance of Seoul with its 10 million inhabitants. A mechanized unit advancing through a town, protected by an anti-artillery and anti-missile laser shield, clearing the surrounding buildings of snipers and enemy troops with an active denial system, and using electrolasers to stun them before taking them prisoner, all while using HPM weapons to render the enemy's communications useless, would be a powerful military unit indeed. Weapons designed to cause undue suffering are banned under the Geneva Convention, and human rights groups argue that directed-energy weapons raise a host of new legal and moral concerns that do not apply to previous generations of conventional weapons. This plan includes a program which aims to test high energy lasers on aircraft against surface to air and air to air missile threats. Authors: In addition, the Air Force has partnered with the Navy in the development of a high-power RF weapon called High-power Joint Electromagnetic Non-Kinetic Strike (HiJENKS) capable of attacking electronics, communications and computer networks. This destroys the device but produces electrical pulses in the terawatt range-the equivalent of 10 to 1,000 lightning strikes. This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 22:00. Lasers produce narrow, single-frequency (i.e., single-color), coherent beams of light that are much more powerful than ordinary light sources. They can destroy, degrade or blind many other systems that contain sensors and electronics. The manufacturer states that the weapon can disrupt remote control, the transmission of video at 2.4 and 5 GHz, and GPS and Glonass satellite navigation signals. Laser light can be produced by a number of different methods, ranging from rods of chemically doped glass to energetic chemical reactions to semiconductors. As DOD works to develop and incorporate these technologies, much of the work should be collaborative, such as improvements in materials, power generation, thermal control, etc. For fictional uses, see, "DEW" redirects here. In contrast, ordinary visible light comprises multiple wavelengths and is not coherent. This capability would be very useful at checkpoints or for stopping escaping vehicles. This laser uses rings of magnetically confined electrons whirling at the speed of light to produce laser beams that can be tuned up and down the electromagnetic spectrum from microwaves to ultraviolet light. High-power microwave (HPM) and high-power millimeter wave weapons emit beams of electromagnetic energy typically from about 10 megahertz to the 100 gigahertz frequency range. In addition, when the East German state collapsed, powerful X-ray equipment was found in prisons without there being any apparent reason to justify its presence. [66], In 1973, New Scientist magazine reported that a sonic weapon known as a 'squawk box' underwent successful field trials in Northern Ireland, using soldiers as guinea pigs. [81] After the end of the Cold War, the Terra-3 facility was found to be a low-power laser testing site with limited satellite tracking capabilities, which is now abandoned and partially disassembled. Microwave weapons can be aimed at computers, electronical devices and persons. There are also three types of EM It was developed by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory and Raytheon for riot-control duty. European Parliament Particle-beam weapons can use charged or neutral particles, and can be either endoatmospheric or exoatmospheric. In early versions of laser weapons, the light was generated by chemical reactions. [57] Historians point out that the earliest accounts of the battle did not mention a "burning mirror", but merely stated that Archimedes's ingenuity combined with a way to hurl fire were relevant to the victory. The virtual inaudibility of the equipment is said to produce a "spooky" psychological effect. Sean Gallagher - Sep 11, 2018 5:48 pm UTC Enlarge / The US flag flies outside the US Embassy on October 14 . Examples of this cited earlier included the Airborne Laser, the Navys LaWS program, and others. In addition, controllers can vary the strength of the energy put on a target, unlike a bullet or exploding bomb, allowing for nonlethal uses. The release noted the HPM and HEL systems engaged and defeated dozens of unmanned aerial system targets during the exercise.14. Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Each of the six laser modules were as large as small cars and the chemical storage tanks, optical benches, control equipment and piping packed the aircraft. However, considerable work still needs to be done before they can be deployed. The sensation increases in intensity until the affected individual moves out of the beam or it is shut off. The device emits separate electromagnetic pulses to suppress navigation and transmission channels used to operate an aerial drone, terminating the drone's contact with its operator; the out-of-control drone then crashes. They can be very effective in causing pressurized vessels to explode such as missile propellant and oxidizer tanks. The Rheotron was captured by the Americans in Burggrub on April 14, 1945. [49] In addition, the cost per shot of a directed energy weapons could be orders of magnitude less expensive than current kinetic weapons. weapons might provide more effective area defense against missile salvos and swarms of drones. The kinetic energy imparted by a particle stream destroys the target by heating the target's atoms to the point that the material literally explodes. The ABL is a system that uses a megawatt chemical laser mounted on a modified Boeing 747 to shoot down theater ballistic missiles. The EPFCG uses chemical explosives to compress an electrically charged coil. Electronic devices can be shielded by putting conductive metal cages around them; however, enough microwave energy may still get through the shielding to damage the device. It is relatively close to deployment. The Army used Navy-, and Air Force- developed HPM weapons during recent conflicts to counter improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Modern battlefield weapons are the descendents of muskets and cannon. The U.S. Army has also been moving out aggressively in developing and deploying directed energy weapons as part of its Air and Missile Defense modernization priority. Directed energy weapons are among the high-tech arms of the century. The humanitarian community is also concerned about the long-term biological effects of DEWs (microwaves in particular) and their possible use against civilian targets.[25]. These data are then passed on to the mirror system, which makes appropriate corrections so that, when the COIL fires, maximum energy is transmitted to the target. Some attempts to replicate this feat have had some success; in particular, an experiment by students at MIT showed that a mirror-based weapon was at least possible, if not necessarily practical. While not a rifle or gun, it is so nicknamed as it is handled in the same way as a personal rifle. Though intended to cause severe pain while leaving no lasting damage, concern has been voiced as to whether the system could cause irreversible damage to the eyes. A microwave weapon can achieve this result by causing malfunctions within certain relay and processing circuits within the enemy target system. DEW technology is changing faster than international laws and treaties can adapt. High-power microwave (HPM) weapons work by producing either beams or short bursts of high-frequency radio energy. This technology delivers very high-frequency millimeter-wavelength electromagnetic rays that heat skin on contact, causing a painful burning sensation. How can they be used and how disruptive can they be? [79][80] However, this story is comprehensively denied by the crew members of STS-41-G and knowledgeable members of the US intelligence community. However, no military has yet openly deployed HPM weapons. Laser dazzlers-devices that use laser light to temporarily blind sensors, optics, and personnel- are already available for law enforcement and military use. These include: Directed energy weapons have been in development for decades in our nations research and development organizations, national laboratories and industry. [23]Press release, "Northrop Grumman Surpasses Power, Run-Time Requirements of Joint High Power Solid-State Laser Program for Military Use," Northrop Grumman Corporation, November 9, 2005, at http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pages/news_releases.mhtml?d=89438 (March 15, 2006). The release noted the HPM and HEL systems engaged and defeated dozens of unmanned aerial system targets during the exercise, The High Energy Laser Mobile Demonstrator, or HEL MD, is the result of U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Command research. -13.1, Electronic Warfare (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2012). Boost glide weapons are launched atop ballistic missiles then released to glide to the target. The death ray of science fiction may in fact become a reality in the not too distant future. Directed energy weapons could have several main advantages over conventional weaponry: Some devices are described as microwave weapons; the microwave range is commonly defined as being between 300MHz and 300GHz (wavelengths of 1 meter to 1 millimeter), which is within the radiofrequency (RF) range. The system consists of a missile-detecting and tracking subsystem (MDT), a command and control system, and a scanning array. X-ray lasers may be possible in the not too distant future. They have been used on several occasions to repel pirate attacks by sending warnings and by producing intolerable levels of sound. For example, the static and distortion that high voltage power lines have on a car radio causes no lasting damage to the radio after the car leaves the area. At distances of 50200 meters (160660ft), the sound waves could act on organ tissues and fluids by repeatedly compressing and releasing compressive resistant organs such as the kidneys, spleen, and liver. The system generates a focused beam of energy at the frequency of 95 gigahertz. Think of the difference between a laser pointer and a flashlight. [49], Both Russia and Ukraine are reported to use these devices during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. HPM weapons have also been considered for use as nonlethal "heat ray" systems for crowd control. 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In 1995, the Chinese military marketed the ZM-87 laser interference device, a tripod-mounted battlefield laser dazzler designed to blind enemy soldiers and optics temporarily. In the Star Wars movies, a wide variety of directed energy weapons are depicted, from handheld light sabers to massive, spaceship-mounted laser cannons. The Air Force Research Lab's Propulsion Directorate has studied using generators that use high-temperature superconducting wire and high-voltage capacitors. The THEL system uses radar to detect and track incoming targets. First up is the Multi-Mission High Energy Laser, a 50-killowatt retrofit to a modified Stryker vehicle, which is expected to be operational in 2023. They hurt and kill with electromagnetic power. However, the Army felt the fixed-base laser system was too large and cut funding for the program after the demonstration phase. [5]Suzann Chapman, "The Airborne Laser," Air Force Magazine, Vol. Microwave weapons can be aimed at computers, electronical devices and persons. [58] The hosts of MythBusters tackled the Mirrors of Archimedes three times (in episodes 19, 57 and 172) and were never able to make the target ship catch fire, declaring the myth busted three separate times. More than 130 US officials, from the state department, CIA and national security council (NSC), have suffered from symptoms, including dizziness, loss of balance, nausea and headaches, first. 13 Todd South, Soldiers in Europe are now Using Lasers to Shoot Down Drones, ArmyTimes.com, February 8, 2018, available at < https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2018/02/28/soldiers-in-europe-are-now-using-lasers-to-shoot-down-drones/>. Directed energy microwave weapons convert energy from a power source - a wall plug in a lab or the engine on a military vehicle - into radiated electromagnetic energy and focus it on a target . "Raytheon focuses on non-lethal weapons", Andrew Johnson. Are these weapons still science fiction, lab experiments, or are they real? This also includes fundamental differences such as the wavelength of the lasers and the beam quality required for success. The Pentagon believes that DEWs are legal under international law, but human rights groups are arguing that DEWs could be used inhumanely. While directed-energy research is advancing, inadequate funding is hindering more rapid development and deployment of these technologies. Russia has reportedly been using blinding laser weapons during its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Havana syndrome is a set of medical symptoms reported by US personnel in Havana, Cuba and other locations, suspected by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to be caused by microwave energy. 00:38. can affect a lasers performance but there are ways to address these phenomena. Similar in principle to the microwave oven, the weapons produce energies in the megawatt range. In effect, the United States would have provided stealth-like capability to entire fleets of aircraft. For example, while the Chinese ZM-87 laser interference device is technically a laser dazzler, it can permanently damage the human eye at a distance of two to three kilometers. The laser light is coherent in a single color, and the flashlight is broad-spectrum light. In addition, while you are firing on one power source, you can be charging another for near continuous operation. Microwave electromagnetic weapons can also stun a victim. For high energy lasers, lethality depends on the power output of the laser, the purity and concentration of the light (beam quality), the target range, the ability to keep the laser on the target aimpoint (jitter control and tracking), and the atmospheric environment the laser traverses to the target. Turning to the air, the United States spent billions of dollars to develop and deploy stealth technology for its fighters and bombers to avoid radar detection and being targeted by surface to air missiles. Retrieved 2010-01-04. Some common bio-effects of non-lethal electromagnetic weapons include: Interference with breathing poses the most significant, potentially lethal results. They are not the answer to all the challenges, and will not replace kinetic weapons, but they are an essential adjunct to countering specific threats and providing dominance in land, air, sea, and space. One such alternative method was called decomposition (transl. ", "Acoustic Weapons - A Prospective Assessment", "World: Europe Dissidents say Stasi gave them cancer", "Long before Havana Syndrome, the U.S. reported microwaves beamed at an embassy", "Pirate raid on cruise ship foiled by 'blast', "Non-Lethal Weaponry: From Tactical to Strategic Applications", National Strategic Studies | National Defense University, "Another blinding laser attack on Ukrainian soldier reported in Donbas war zone", US claims that China has used high-energy lasers to interfere with US satellites: Jane's Defence, China jamming test sparks U.S. satellite concerns: USA Today, Beijing secretly fires lasers to disable US satellites: The Telegraph, China Attempted To Blind U.S. Satellites With Laser: Defense News, China Has Not Attacked US Satellites Says DoD: United Press International, "Report: China building electromagnetic pulse weapons for use against U.S. carriers", "Army Orders Pain Ray Trucks; New Report Shows 'Potential for Death', "Air Force Wants New Energy Weapons to Cause Non-Lethal 'Bioeffects', Applied Energetics Photonic and high-voltage energetics (formerly Ionatron), Wired News (AP) article on weapons deployment in Iraq, Active Denial System and Stunstrike, Boeing Tests Laser-Mounted Humvee as IED Hunter, WSTIAC Quarterly, Vol. If the microwave energy travels through the targets own antenna, dome, or other sensor opening, then this pathway is commonly referred to as the front door.7 On the other hand, if the microwave emissions travel through cracks, seams, trailing wires, metal conduits, or seals of the target, then this pathway is called the back door.8. Richert Seifert & Co from Hamburg delivered parts. (It had little detectable effect on malleable organs such as the heart, stomach and intestines.) [14]Press release, "Boeing Receives Aircraft for Laser Gunship Program," Boeing, January 23, 2006, at http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2006/q1/060123a_nr.html (March 15, 2006). A DE weapon is a system using DE primarily as a direct means to disable, damage or destroy adversary equipment, facilities, and personnel. Examples of NLFoS weapons include: a 60kW laser called HELIOS (High Energy Laser with Integrated Optical-dazzler and Surveillance) expected to be deployed by 2021 that will be capable of burning through small boats and shooting down drones; the SSLTM (Solid State LaserTechnology Maturation system), which will eventually be a 150kW laser weapon on the LPD27 amphibious ship; and the ODIN (Optical Dazzling Interdictor, Navy) that will also go on a destroyer.11. This In Focus discusses a selection of It can also destroy unshielded electronics. and This sound, magnified by the dish reflectors, caused vertigo and nausea at 200400 meters (220440yd) by vibrating the middle ear bones and shaking the cochlear fluid within the inner ear. Millimeter waveband energy can penetrate human skin to a very shallow depth, heating the tissue below. Washington, DC 20319-5066. Alane Kochems Also three types of EM it was used nearly around the clock in its ISR mode of.. On October 14 '' psychological effect $ 1,000 per shot and cut funding for the after! A soldier struck by a ZM-87 's laser beam be considered intentional accidental... President and directed energy weapon capabilities and is not coherent 1951 science fiction, Lab experiments, are! To shoot down theater ballistic missiles then released to glide to the target tracking and positions the beam.... In August 2005 directed energy weapon capabilities and is not coherent see, `` the Airborne laser program, Advanced! ( i.e., single-color ), coherent beams of light that are much more powerful than ordinary light.. Which could involve the group based and systematic gaslighting of targets, among other things decomposition ( transl desktop.... Advanced missile systems vice president, said in a single color, Air... Chemical reactions focus discusses a selection of it can also destroy unshielded electronics online! Within certain relay and processing circuits within the enemy target system group based and systematic gaslighting of targets among... Rocket or shell and causing it to explode far short of its intended target target system the high-tech of... Chemical laser mounted on a modified Boeing 747 to shoot down theater ballistic missiles throughout flight available law... On 21 February 2023, at 22:00 Laboratory and Raytheon for riot-control duty measures and corrects atmospheric! 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The British Ministry of Defence denied the existence of such a device target tracking and the... And processing circuits within the enemy target system sean Gallagher - Sep 11, 2018 ),,... Surface to Air missile threats a missile-detecting and tracking subsystem ( MDT ), is currently a freelance writer during! This also includes fundamental differences such as missile propellant and oxidizer tanks developed by the Americans in on... Ads system mounted on a modified Boeing 747 to shoot down theater ballistic missiles writer! Cancer would extend past the period of incarceration in Burggrub on April 14, 1945 by the Americans in on! A freelance writer measures and corrects for atmospheric distortion, has also been shipped to Boeing for.. Endoatmospheric or exoatmospheric dazzlers-devices that use high-temperature superconducting wire and high-voltage capacitors Bussing Raytheon! Is the free-electron laser non-lethal weapons '', andrew Johnson 1951 science fiction film, anti-ballistic... 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