d.) the impossibility of studying other cultures' religions. There are many different approaches to finding truth. We can say that there are different approaches that can be taken when studying religion. The reflexive effect of the study of religion on religion itself may in practice make it more difficult for the student of religion to adopt the detachment required by bracketing. The other is Sri Aurobindo who brought a change to the vision of evolution of life into the divinity of life. Religion is also studied within cultural geography, which studies how cultural processes spread. How a believer of a certain religion (an "insider") will study his/her own religion, for instance, will differ from how a nonbeliever of that religion (an "outsider") will study it.Their motivations and methods will be different. She shows that the First Amendment Free Exercise clause is quite incapable of capturing the popular, unruly, ritualized religiosity that she sees at work in the baroque funerary displays in a Florida cemetery. The disaggregated approach does not claim that it captures the fullness of the lived, anthropological reality of religion. Consider an analogy with marriage. Three famous psychologists who examined and analyzed religious phenomena psychologically were William James, Sigmund Freud, and Carl Jung. And it may well be true that there is no single essence to the concept of religion, no core defining feature that all conceptions of religion share. Still another difference is that while theology limits itself to its own internal theory of religion (its own account for its origins and functions), religious studies considers external theories of religion (accounts of the origins and functions of religion by other academic disciplines). According to a number of scholars (often influenced by Foucauldian or post-colonial thought), the category of religion is deeply implicated in the history and practice of western statism and imperialism. On the contrary, religion, as it is studied in the secular state university, is both a category and an aspect of human behavior that must be subjected to the same types of scrutiny as any other category of human behavior that one may study. (Peter Connolly,pp1-2Approche to the Study of Religion,Biddles L.T.D.) New approaches to the study of religion: the cognitive, the biological, and the neurological. Author of. SSRC activities span more than 80 countries on 6 continents, Apply for research opportunities across the globe, Contributions fund research and scholarship worldwide. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Sullivan demonstrates that religion is too complex, too comprehensive, and too multi-faceted to be adequately captured by the law of the liberal state. It is an illusion because it is just a product of the human imagination. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! This idea led Calvinists to engage in activities that would increase their wealth, paving the way for the development of capitalism. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. As the world's largest democracy, India . ( D P Chattopadhyaya p1integral sociology and dialectical sociology,Shri Jainedra press 1976). But objections have been brought against all these attempts, either because the rich variety of religions makes it easy to find counterexamples or because the element cited as central is in some religions peripheral. The author will attempt to evaluate the strengths and weakness of two approaches to religion and try to compare the work of the two representations and their methodology .The first is Professor Ninian Smart as he wrote widely, regarding different topics in religions, with papers and articles appearing in a vast range of . The academic study of religion is an inherently interdisciplinary field, incorporating textual studies of the world's sacred texts, language studies, art, history, philosophy, anthropology, politics, economics, sociology, psychology, comparative literature and literary studies, cultural studies, gender and ethnic studies, legal studies, and . b.) The method used was to compare the subjective experience with the intent of shaping the arrangement of religion itself from within the structure. She has published extensively in the areas of republicanism and toleration, theories of law and the state, and global justice. She is the Director of UCLs Religion and Political Theory Centre. 2.Religious studies has a bigger scope because it analyzes the different world religions. . Anthropology of religion, on the other hand, explores the ways religious practices are embedded in specific forms of sociality, regimes of power, historical struggles, and modes of production (Lambek 2008, 5). Other researchers of religion, such as Cornelius Petrus Tiele (1830-1902), preferred the term ' comparative religion '. Erin has an M.Ed in adult education and a BS in psychology and a BS in management systems. In his own words: Man is on a transitorily passage . From this perspective, the egalitarian strategy of analogizing religion is a productive one: the law should not capture religion as such, but whatever dimensions of religion are normatively salient and suitable for legal protection. Egalitarian theorists of religious freedom, from this perspective, are right to seek to identify the normative grounds on which certain beliefs and practices call for state protection (or state restraint, in the case of non-establishment). It can use either separately or in any combination the methods of history, sociology, There are two main reasons for this suspicion. The goods that the workers helped produced by means of their labor (using the materials and machines owned by the capitalists) were sold in the market at a certain value. Another reason is that questions about the origins and functions of religion have often been conflated with questions about the truth of religion, and this has led to controversies that tend to hinder the development of common concepts, methodologies, and problems. The stress on the distinction between the descriptive and normative approaches is becoming more frequent among scholars of religion. Aside from being exploited, the workers were also dehumanized or alienated in the workplace. How can we best identify and protect the normative values which historically have underpinned freedom of religion, non-establishment and the like? Talal Asad and Saba Mahmood have shown, for instance, that liberal secularism requires individual beliefnot communal observance, rituals or embodied pietyto be taken as the essence of religiosity. The challenge is threefold: we must attend to the concerns of the critical religion school while, at the same time, be sensitive both to the lived reality of religious experience and belief, and to the protection of the normative ideals underpinning freedom of religion in the law. (Peter Connolly,pp1-2Approche to the Study of Religion,Biddles L.T.D.) It may well be that egalitarian theorists have picked a normatively problematic, or normatively narrow, analogy for religion. But perhaps we should apply to religion something like Ludwig Wittgensteins theory of family resemblance. Marrett (1866-1943) was, similar to Tylor, an anthropologist who studied religion and who adopted the evolutionary approach. Omissions? Which concept of religionif anydo we need in the law of the liberal democratic state? The belief in the soul as something separate from the body though residing in the body resulted from dealing with certain biological questions such as those concerning the difference between a living body and a dead one; the causes of waking, sleep, trance, disease, and death; and the origin of dreams and visions involving human images. 47. Geographers study religions and their development based on the role that geography intersects with other important social components within a human geographic approach. The word anthropology means science of human beings or humanity. Psychology of religion involves the application of psychological methods and interpretive frameworks to religious institutions, as well as to individuals of all religious or noreligious persuasions. For other religions, the systematic study of their doctrines is usually referred to as philosophy instead of theology. One obvious reason is that the term theology implies a belief in one God but other religions may not subscribe either to the belief in God or gods or to the belief that there is only one God. The study of religion may thus come to have a reflexive effect on religion itself, such as the manner in which modern Christian theology has been profoundly affected by the whole question of the historicity of the New Testament. For example, a religious (or spiritual) approach to cancer treatment can be more effective than a secular approach (Croucher & Harris, 2012), religious attendance promotes healthier living, and people with HIV/AIDS often turn to religion for comfort as well. The adherent of a faith is no doubt authoritative as to his own experience, but what of the communal significance of the rites and institutions in which the adherent participates? As they do on many traditional measures of religious observance, Jehovah's . Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was the founder of psychoanalysis, which generally claims that our behaviors are largely controlled by our unconscious mind which contains our repressed sexual and violent desires. But the historical process itself has to be investigated scientificallythat is, by considering the evidence, using the techniques of historical enquiry and other scientific methods. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. The study of multiple religious traditions in order to prove the existence or non-existence of God The scholarly examination and comparison of the beliefs, rituals, customs, and traditions of two or more religions Consequently, the systematic study of the doctrines of Buddhism and Hinduism, for instance, are respectively called Buddhist philosophy and Hindu philosophy, and not Buddhist theology and Hindu theology. The stage from man to super being is the next which depends from the approach of the achievement on the evolution on earth. Attempts have been made to find a distinctive ingredient in all religions, such as the numinous, or spiritual, experience, the contrast between the sacred and the profane, and the belief in one or more gods. First of all we have to say that both, Smart and Aurobindo have not defined religion from objective point of view but rather to determine religion in terms of its own value. For Jung, religious experiences are manifestations of the archetypes in the collective unconscious in our own consciousness. The point has been made with particular acuity by legal scholar Winnifred Fallers Sullivan in her book The Impossibility of Religious Freedom. Her last book is Critical Republicanism. Religion and 'The Study of Religions' has many approaches which try to investigate the core of what religion is and what it means to the people who practice it. (Ninian Smart,pp10-12,Dimension of the sacred an anatomy of the worlds beliefs ,Harper Collins Publisher 1196) We see from Smarts classifactory account, Smarts perspective in sustaining a phenomenological perception to the methodology of approach to the study, is far different from the approach that Sri Aurobindo use. It has been argued that religious studies is a polymethodic discipline, and that the student of religion should be familiar with the . Peter Connolly. Methodologies in religious studies are the interpretive models on which the analysis of religious phenomena and resources are discussed. Conflict sometimes arises because the committed point of view is likely to begin from a more conservative stance, accepting at face value the scriptural accounts of events, whereas the secular historian may be more skeptical, especially of records of miraculous events. (a) The Polymethodic Approach Polymethodicality, according to Smart, is the fact that the scientific study of religion employs a variety of methods to study religion. (Scott London ,the future of religion an Interview with Ninian Smart June 1999 issue ofThe Witnessmagazine. ) Some of the contributions of William James were his distinction between institutional religion and personal religion, his analysis of religious experiences as mystical experiences, and his pragmatic approach to the value of religionthat the truth and value of a religious belief for an individual depend on the beneficial effects of the belief on the life of the individual. In the above definition Marx has stressed few points about religion which require special emphasis. This article examines three anthropological theories explaining how religion has evolved and continues to evolve. Animism consists of the belief in immortal souls, gods, and other spiritual beings. The author will attempt to evaluate the strengths and weakness of two approaches to religion and try to compare the work of the two representations and their methodology .The first is Professor Ninian Smart as he wrote widely, regarding different topics in religions, with papers and articles appearing in a vast range of publication sand television worldwide developing his own vision and philosophy of human progress and spiritual evolution. (James L.Cox,p.159.A guide to the Phenomenology of religion .key figure ,formative influence and subsequent debate. Author of, Robert Segal, Chair in Religious Studies, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland. develop an informed understanding of the diversity of world religions. Download file to see previous pages. Most of the major thinkers recognized in this area are also those recognized in the sociology of religion like Durkheim and Weber. Religious studies, also known as the study of religion, is an academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. Second, however, we may ask whether the normative analogy used by egalitarian theorists of religious freedom is the right one. the civilized races. From its approach, we understand that Sri Aurobindo begins his work clearly within religious prospect, particularly his own relation with yoga, he explains; the practice is not for ourselves alone, but for the Divine; The intent is to find occupation of good in the world, to outcome a spiritual conversion and to bring down a divine nature and a divine life into the mental, vital and physical nature and life of humanity. Religion and 'The Study of Religions' has many approaches which try to investigate the core of what religion is and what it means to the people who practice it. After studying the indigenous Australians, Durkheim claimed that the totems (sacred objects used as emblems or symbols of a group of people, family, clan, or tribe) that the aborigines worship represented their own conceptions of a unified group or society. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF RELIGION 109 like, the students were asked to read Marx, Freud, Durkheim. The concept exhibits a complex continuum of resemblances and differences. In sum, the anthropological objection urges us to take both ordinary language and ordinary experience seriously. In this post, I briefly set out three distinct approaches to the study of religion: criticizing religion, upholding religion, and disaggregating religion. If we get rid of the concept of religion, can we adequately express and protect those values? foster a respectful awareness of the significance of the beliefs and practices for the faith member. What Wittgenstein said about the concept of game also applies to the concept of religion: the fact that we cannot identify a single feature that all religions exhibit does not mean that the concept of religion is meaningless. To him, sacred meant extraordinarysomething that inspired wonder and that seemed connected to the concept of "the divine.". The essence of religion and the context of religious beliefs, practices, and institutions, Neutrality and subjectivity in the study of religion, Theories of the Renaissance and Reformation, Historical, archaeological, and literary studies, Anthropological approaches to the study of religion, Theories concerning the origins of religion, Functional and structural studies of religion, The concerns of the philosophy of religion, Modern existentialist and phenomenological studies, Relationship between Western and non-Western philosophy in regard to religion, The relationship of Western Christianity to other religions, Modern origin and development of the history and phenomenology of religion, https://www.britannica.com/topic/study-of-religion. Sociology studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them. William James (1842-1910) focused on the psychological process that occurs in a religious conversion, when a nonreligious person becomes religious (Merkur 2005, 172). by Cristina Echeverri-Pineda and Mateo Villamizar-Chaparro. For the last four decades universities and schools have been acting in response to a constant , steady demand for courses upon the study of religion .The people who take these courses are usually involved in religion themselves ,many are involved a in religious communities or, wishing to know more and . This tradition goes back in modern times to the seminal work of the German philosopher Ludwig Feuerbach (180472), who proposed that God was the extension of human aspirations, and it is found in the work of the philosopher Karl Marx, the founder of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, and others. The idea is that one who experiences financial success is blessed and is thus favored by God. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs. On the one hand, some view psychology of religion as a program that reduces religious phenomena believed to be real to mere psychological phenomena. These different approaches disagree about the essence of religion, but all three camps operate within a shared account of the human. 427-5290. adlerj@kenyon.edu. Is Sri Aurobindo truly internal when we have the community of Auroville and a culture around him? Instead, I shall merely sketch an alternative strategy. This course introduces students to the variety of academic approaches to the study of religion and to the procedures and sources used in writing academic papers in religious studies. For example different opinions regarding the Trinity between Roman Catholics and Jehovah Witnesses. For egalitarian theorists of religious freedom (as I call them), there is nothing special about religion as such. People often do truly unique things for their faith. The other sense of the subjectivity of religion is properly a matter for theology and the philosophy of religion. In addition to the main scriptures of a particular religion, theology often involves the study of the works of recognized theologians who are usually believers of the religion. We also have Confucian, Taoist, and Shinto philosophies; instead of Confucian, Taoist, and Shinto theologies. As an academic discipline, anthropology studies human beings in aspects ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture that decisively distinguish humans from other animal species. Anthropology has two major fields: physical anthropology, which studies the the origin, evolution, and diversity of people, and cultural anthropology, which studies culture in all of its aspects and uses the methods, concepts, and data of archaeology, ethnography and ethnology, folklore, and linguistics in its descriptions and analyses of the diverse peoples of the world (Encyclopaedia Britannica 2013). The Comparative Study of Religions World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Fourth Edition, considers one religion at a time, chapter by chapter. And the best- known scholar of comparative religion of the last generation was Mircea Eliade (1907-1986), whose studies included the concepts of sacred space and mythic time, and the sacredness of nature (Paden 2005, 215). Kujenga Amani facilitates the exchange of ideas about diverse aspects of peacebuilding in Africa. Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. Historiography then becomes the science that studies the conceptions and production of historical interpretations of human civilization. Instead of organizing the course around different theories of religion, the course is arranged in terms of broad methods according to which religion might be theorized. For a Christian, Christ is the only way of salvation and the Bible is the only source of saving revelation today. study of religion, attempt to understand the various aspects of religion, especially through the use of other intellectual disciplines. There are religions, however, in which even worship rituals are not central. Transcribed image text: To address the following questions, consider the four approaches to religion described in the introduction to this module exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralism and empathetic interest in other people. Can we truly compare two totally different views religion one very internal the other very visual? n account of the origins and functions of the Christian religion); while an external theory of religion is an account of the origins and functions of particular religions, or religion in general, using the methods of certain academic disciplines. Accordingly, Calvinists believed in predestination, the view that God has already decided on who will enter heaven or not. We may conclude saying that maybe religions will never combine in to one global faith ,but we do think that the society is moving towards a global ideology that have a space for religion and identify the contributions of the diverse ethnicity and traditions and bring a new way in helping us to work together for the support of human values and spirituality. Study for free with our range of university lectures! He regarded the belief in God as a childish and neurotic illusion which rational and realistic persons ought to abandon. Some of these approaches focus on how to understand the beliefs and practices of particular religions, while some have more general concerns such as how religion relates to the nature of society, culture, human evolution, mind, and human behavior. To ask that the law embrace and describe the whole of social reality would be to yearn for a totalitarian law. For our purposes, we shall examine certain approaches to the study of religions that are based on certain academic disciplines. The worry here is the hard-won liberal right to religious freedom will not elicit much respect if the existence of religion itself is radically questioned. The new scientific study of religion knows basically three main strands, quite connected with one another and often complementary, but each sometimes following its own paths: the cognitive-psychological; the biological-evolutionist; and the . Sociology of religion, on the other hand, studies religious beliefs, practices, and organizations using the theories and methods of the discipline of sociology. We can say that there are different approaches that can be taken when studying religion. The works of both Sri Aurobindo and Ninian Smart shows two drastic and completely different approaches to religion. It r mzell2302 mzell2302 Hence the proposed shift from an analogizing to a disaggregating strategy. c.) the truth or falsity of religion. Some religions do not have a deity; others are community-based rather than belief-based; and the boundary between them and secular ideologies such as nationalism is porous. Aquinas is famous for his five proofs for the existence of God: his arguments from causation, motion, necessity, design, and degrees of protection. Normative inquiries primarily concern the truth of religious claims, the acceptability of religious values, and other such normative aspects; descriptive inquiries, which are only indirectly involved with the normative elements of religion, are primarily concerned with the history, structure, and other observable elements of religion. This means that a student of theology is a follower of the particular religion he/she is studying; whereas a student of religious studies is usually not a follower of the religions he/she is studying. Methodologies provide a lense of analysis from which to view the field of religous studies. Research approaches to the study of religion include many various approaches whose research paradigms involve interpretation and understanding rather than explanation (Szocik, 2015). This can often lead to conflicts, including those that arise on religious grounds. Study of at least two religious traditions using three different academic approaches: Religion Menu. While theology attempts to understand the transcendent or . Given this, we, however, also use other approaches especially comparative religion and philosophy of religionwhich we will discuss next. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. Thus in principle it is the study of all religions from a viewpoint not isolated within any one of them. 2 Psychological. Looking for a flexible role? Since becoming aware of our unconscious makes us a whole person (a fully realized Self), religion is thus seen by Jung as something positive (Merkur 2005, 177). Personal experience is crucial to any understanding of religion .On this particular account Aurobindo discovers the relation or union, he favours, what he identifies as spiritual psychology and integral methods, but for both he confirms that the objective is to be understood and interpreted in terms of subjective. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Not surprisingly, religion-making quickly became a tool of colonial and neo-colonial governance. In fact, the religions of civilized races evolved from the animism of the lower races. It is a rich concept that connects to vocabularies that bring persons and things, desires, and practices in particular traditions in distinctive ways. Although I cannot make the full case here, I sketch a preliminary defense of the third approach, in the context of recent debates in political theory. T here are many ways of studying religions. The implications of the first approach have been resisted in many quarters. A number of specific program design strategies increase the possibility that students of all backgrounds will have positive . These philosophical issues include, among many others, whether we can adequately prove the existence of God, reconcile the existence of evil with the existence of a God who is wholly good and all-powerful, reconcile Gods omniscience (the power to know everything) and foreknowledge (the power to know future events) with human freedom, explain the nature of miracles, determine the meaningfulness of religious language (how religious linguistic expressions acquire their meanings), and many others. His own words: Man is on a transitorily passage in religious studies is a polymethodic,! Fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx next which depends the... Also have Confucian, Taoist, and the neurological whether the normative analogy used by egalitarian of... And realistic persons ought to abandon an anthropologist who studied religion and Political Theory.. Peter Connolly, pp1-2Approche to the study of religion.key figure, formative and... To Tylor, an anthropologist who studied religion and Political Theory Centre itself. Are two main reasons for this suspicion between Roman Catholics and Jehovah Witnesses on certain academic disciplines the... Like Ludwig Wittgensteins Theory of family resemblance first approach have been resisted in many quarters of law and the,... Doctrines is usually referred to as philosophy instead of theology program design strategies increase the possibility that students all. Impossibility of religious phenomena and resources are discussed can often lead to conflicts, including those that on... Saving revelation today and normative approaches is becoming more frequent among scholars religion! By God already decided on who will enter heaven or not sociology studies human,. 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